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Thermal coal, also known as steam coal or non-coking coal, is a type of coal that is used primarily as a fuel for generating steam for electricity generation or industrial processes. It is one of the most widely used types of coal, accounting for a large percentage of global coal consumption.

Some key characteristics of thermal coal include:

1. High Calorific Value: Thermal coal has a high calorific value, meaning it produces a large amount of heat energy when burned. This makes it ideal for use in power plants and industrial boilers.
2. Low Moisture Content: Thermal coal typically has a low moisture content, which helps to improve its combustion efficiency and reduce emissions when burned.
3. Low Sulfur Content: Thermal coal generally has a moderate sulfur content, which is important for reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) when burned. Lower sulfur content coal is preferred to minimize environmental impact.
4. Ash Content: Thermal coal can have varying ash content, which is the non-combustible residue left after coal is burned. Lower ash content coal is preferred as it reduces the amount of waste produced during combustion.

Thermal coal is typically classified into different grades based on its calorific value, moisture content, sulfur content, and ash content. These grades can vary depending on the coal’s origin and characteristics.

Thermal coal is a major source of energy for electricity generation in many countries around the world, particularly in regions where coal is abundant and affordable. However, its use has come under scrutiny due to its environmental impact, particularly its contribution to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, there is increasing interest in cleaner and more sustainable alternatives to thermal coal for electricity generation.